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1860s

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From top left, clockwise: Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell formulates the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon; the Meiji Restoration leads to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure; the International Workingmen's Association is formed in 1864, aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist groups; the Battle of Avay, fought in 1868 during the Paraguayan War, the bloodiest inter-state war in Latin America's history; execution in 1867 of Maximilian I of Mexico, ruler of the Second Mexican Empire, established during the Second French intervention in Mexico; the Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War, fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865, between the North (the Union) and the South (the Confederacy) as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people; the Suez Canal is inaugurated in 1869; Victor Emmanuel meets Garibaldi near Teano in 1860, at the end of the Expedition of the Thousand.

The 1860s (pronounced "eighteen-sixties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1860 and ended on December 31, 1869.

The decade was noted for featuring numerous major societal shifts in the Americas. In North America, the election of Free Soiler Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in 1860 in the United States led to the secession of eleven southern states as the Confederate States of America (CSA). The resulting American Civil War (1861–1865) would be among the first industrial wars, featuring advanced technology such as steel warships and machine guns. The victory of the Union and subsequent abolition of slavery would contribute to the decline of the global slave trade. Conflict in Mexico ensued after the French Empire installed Maximilian I as Emperor of Mexico; former President Benito Suarez would regain his position in 1867 after a power struggle.

In South America, the Triple Alliance of the Empire of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay in the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) would be among the bloodiest conflicts in the continent's history, leading to the death of almost 60% of the Paraguayan population.

In Europe, the formation of the union of Austria-Hungary in 1867 and the ongoing campaign to unify Italy by Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont would affect the European balance of power. The United Kingdom would continue engaging in a series of conflicts known as the New Zealand Wars with the indigenous Māori, with the New Zealand land confiscations beginning in 1863.

In Asia, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 would begin the process of transforming Japan into a global imperial power. The Qing Dynasty of China would experience decline following its defeat to the British in 1860 in the Second Opium War. In 1864, the Russian Empire would embark upon the Circassian genocide in the Caucasus, leading to the deaths or expulsion of at least 75% of the Circassian people.

The last living person from this decade was Nellie Spencer, who died in 1982.

Politics and wars

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Emperor Maximilian being executed (1867), marking the end of the Second Mexican Empire

Wars

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Internal conflicts

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American Civil War: Battle of Antietam by Thure de Thulstrup

Prominent political events

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Political map of the world in 1860

Assassinations and attempts

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Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:

Year Date Name Position Culprits Country Description Image
1860 March 24 Ii Naosuke Tairō of the Tokugawa Shogunate 17 young samurai loyalists Japan While Naosuke was at staying at the Edo Castle a group of 17 loyalist ambushed and was decapitated.
1861 October 23 Jorge Córdova president of Bolivia Colonel Plácido Yáñez Bolivia Jorge was captured by Colonel Plácido Yáñez and executed along with 50 other prisoners.
1862 January 11 José Santos Guardiola President of Honduras unknown presidential guard Honduras Jose was sleeping with his wife Ana Arbizú y Flores when an unknown assassin shot him and fled.
1863 May 12 Radama II King of Madagascar Men led by Rainivoninahitriniony Madagascar Radama's absolutism in pursuing dramatic reforms in disregard of the advice of his ministers ultimately turned them against him. In a coup led by his prime minister, Rainivoninahitriniony, Radama II was strangled on May 12, 1863.
1863 October 30 Serizawa Kamo chief of Shinsen-gumi likely Hijikata, Okita, Yamanami Keisuke, Inoue, Harada or Tōdō and Saitō Japan While sleeping with a woman named Oume he was assassinated by an unknown assassin.
1865 March 27 Manuel Isidoro Belzu Humérez President of Bolivia A group of men led by Mariano Melgarejo Bolivia When Belzu entered the Palacio Quemado for a meeting with Mariano Melgarejo he was ambushed by Melgarejo and a group of men who murdered him.
1865 April 14 Abraham Lincoln President of America John Wilkes Booth United States of America On the night of April 14th of 1865, John Wilkes Booth sneaked into Ford's Theatre and assassinated the President whilst he watched Our America Cousin. Image of Lincoln being shot by Booth while sitting in a theater booth.
1868 February 19 Venancio Flores and Bernardo Prudencio Berro President of Uruguay Group of unknown assassins Uruguay Four days after stepping down as President, Flores and Berro were murdered by a group of unidentified assassins in Montevideo.
1868 April 7 Thomas D'Arcy McGee Member of theCanadian Parliamentfor Montreal West Patrick J. Whelan Canada McGee was entering a boarding house in Ottawa when he was shot in the head by a Catholic Fenian sympathizer.
1868 October 22 James M. Hinds Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Arkansas's 2nd district George Clark United States En route to a campaign event for Grant near the village of Indian Bay in Monroe County, Clark shot Hinds and fellow Republican politician Joseph Brooks in the back with a shotgun. Brooks managed to stay on his horse and ride to the event to bring back assistance, before his death Hinds wrote a message to his wife revealing the killers identity as secretary of the Monroe County Democratic Party and local Klansman, George Clark.
1868 December 10 Sakamoto Ryōma and Nakaoka Shintarō Japanese samurai and influential figure of the Bakumatsu unknown assassin Tokugawa Shogunate Ryōma and Shintarō where eating in the Ōmiya Inn when an unknown broke in and killed the men and the bodyguards.
1869 December 7 Ōmura Masujirō military leader and theorist unknown assassin Japan Omura was stabbed in a Kyoto inn and died in Osaka.

Science and technology

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Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in Sweden, patenting it in 1867

Establishments

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The signing of the First Geneva Convention by some of the major European powers in 1864
T. H. Huxley's famous debate in 1860 with Samuel Wilberforce was a key moment in the wider acceptance of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

Religion

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Culture

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Literature and arts

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Sports

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Fashion

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  • The Victorian era and its culture largely thrived from 1860 until 1901.
  • The culture of the Victorian era comes to America and remains in place until around the turn of the 20th century, where the year it ends is disputed as to whether it ended with the rise of progressivism in 1896 or with the death of Queen Victoria in 1901.
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People

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Politics

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Famous and infamous personalities

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "American Civil War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  2. ^ Lin, Luna (10 September 2014). "A short history of world metro systems – in pictures". the Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  3. ^ "Medical Advances Timeline". www.infoplease.com.

Further reading

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